Swarm Intelligence
نویسندگان
چکیده
ven with today's ever-increasing computing power, there are still many types of problems that are very difficult to solve. Particularly, combinatorial optimization problems continue to pose challenges. An example of this type of problem can be found in product design. Take as an example the design of an automobile based on the attributes of engine horsepower, passenger seating, body style, and wheel size. If we have three different levels for each of these attributes (such as those in Table 1), there are 3 4 , or 81, possible configurations to consider. For a slightly larger problem with 5 attributes of 4 levels each, there are suddenly 1,024 combinations. Typically, an enormous amount of possible combinations exist, even for relatively small problems. Finding the optimal solution to these problems through enumeration of all possible combinations is usually impractical. Fortunately, search heuristics have been developed to find good solutions to these problems in a reasonable amount of time. Over the past decade or so, several heuristic techniques have been developed that build upon observations of processes in the physical and biological sciences. Examples of these techniques include Genetic Algorithms and simulated annealing. These techniques have been widely and successfully used to solve a variety of problems, including those of a com-binatorial nature. Genetic Algorithms (GA) use biological methods such as reproduction, crossover, and mutation to quickly search for solutions to complex problems. Using GA for problem solving begins with a set (usually random) of possible solutions to a given problem, with each solution represented by a string of bits or characters. A fixed number of solutions that are the most " fit, " that is, the best current solutions to a problem , are carried over to the next generation and chosen to reproduce. In other words, the best current solutions are saved, and are used to generate new solutions. These strings (current solutions) can be altered to produce child (new) solutions using genetic opera-Following a trail of insects as they work together to accomplish a task offers unique possibilities for problem solving.
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تاریخ انتشار 2002